土壤碳氮变化对细菌、真菌群落及其相互作用的影响

Soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics affect bacterial and fungal communities and their interactions: a review

摘要:

全球人口持续增长、气候变化加剧以及资源日益紧张，共同加重了传统农业生产的压力。在此背景下，土壤退化与污染问题日益严峻，与粮食需求形成负向循环。维持土壤健康及其生态系统服务功能，成为实现未来农业可持续发展的关键前提。本文探讨了土壤碳氮条件变化对土壤微生物群落及其相互作用的影响。土壤中的碳氮元素是决定微生物多样性和群落结构的关键因素，与土壤碳氮循环、作物生产力及生态平衡密切相关。施用氮肥、添加有机物料、凋落物分解、CO₂浓度升高及氮沉降等环境因素，均会影响土壤中的碳氮动态。土壤碳氮含量变化调控微生物群落动态，以及微生物之间的协同共生、竞争和拮抗等相互作用。反之，微生物群落也会响应土壤碳氮的变化。微生物群落及其相互作用的动态变化调节土壤碳氮循环和土壤生态系统稳定性，从而影响生态系统功能。本文通过阐述土壤碳氮——微生物互作机制，加深了对全球变化背景下土壤生态系统的响应与反馈的理解，也为土壤微生物调控提升地力、未来农业可持续发展提供了重要的实践方向。

Abstract:

The escalating pressure from global population growth, climate change, and resource consumption is intensifying the burden on traditional agricultural production. Against this backdrop, soil degradation and pollution present increasingly severe challenges, creating a vicious cycle with rising food demands. Maintaining soil health and its ecosystem services has thus become a critical prerequisite for achieving sustainable agriculture in the future. This review explores the impacts of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics on soil microbial communities and their interactions. Soil C and N are key determinants of microbial diversity and community structure, intrinsically linked to soil C/N cycling, crop productivity, and ecological balance. Environmental factors such as nitrogen fertilizer application, organic matter amendment application, litter decomposition, elevated CO₂ concentrations, and nitrogen deposition significantly influence soil C and N dynamics. Changes in soil C and N content regulate microbial community dynamics and the synergistic, competitive, and antagonistic interactions among microorganisms. Meanwhile, microbial communities actively respond to alterations in soil C and N availability. The resulting shifts in microbial communities and their interactions subsequently regulate soil C/N cycling and ecosystem stability, ultimately influencing ecosystem functions. By elucidating the mechanisms underlying soil carbon-nitrogen-microbial interactions, this review significantly advances our understanding of soil ecosystem responses and feedback mechanisms in the context of global change, while also providing crucial practical guidance for enhancing soil fertility and promoting sustainable agricultural development through microbial regulation.