合成生物学在水稻遗传改良中的应用与前景

Application and prospects of synthetic biology in the genetic improvement of rice

摘要:

合成生物学作为21世纪最具革命性的交叉学科之一，通过整合基因编辑、基因回路设计、代谢工程以及人工智能等跨学科技术，为水稻的遗传改良提供了一系列创新性策略。本文聚焦水稻产量提高、营养品质强化、抗病抗逆性增强等领域，系统综述了合成生物学在水稻遗传改良中的最新研究进展与突破性成果，揭示了合成生物学通过模块化、标准化和系统化对水稻基因组或代谢通路精准设计与调控，突破了传统育种周期长、改良性状有限等瓶颈，实现了多性状协同改良，为培育高产、高营养价值的优良水稻品种提供参考，对保障全球粮食安全与推动农业绿色发展具有重要意义。

Abstract:

Synthetic biology, recognized as one of the most revolutionary interdisciplinary fields in the 21st century, has established innovative strategies for the genetic improvement of rice through the integration of multidisciplinary technologies including genome editing, genetic circuit design, metabolic engineering, and artificial intelligence. This review systematically summarizes recent research advancements and breakthrough achievements in the application of synthetic biology in the genetic improvement of rice, focusing on three critical domains: yield improvement, nutritional quality fortification, and reinforcement of disease resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. It elucidates that synthetic biology enables precise genomic and metabolic pathway engineering through modular, standard, and systematic approaches, effectively overcoming the limitations of conventional breeding methods characterized by prolonged cycles and restricted trait modification capabilities. The implementation of synthetic biology has facilitated synergistic improvement of multi-traits, thereby providing critical technical references for developing elite rice cultivars with superior productivity and nutritional value. These technological breakthroughs hold significant implications for ensuring global food security and promoting green and sustainable development of agriculture.