生物工程学报  2023, Vol. 39 Issue (6): 2359-2374
http://dx.doi.org/10.13345/j.cjb.221005
中国科学院微生物研究所、中国微生物学会主办
0

文章信息

丁爽, 陈修来, 高聪, 宋伟, 吴静, 魏婉清, 刘佳, 刘立明
DING Shuang, CHEN Xiulai, GAO Cong, SONG Wei, WU Jing, WEI Wanqing, LIU Jia, LIU Liming
模块化工程改造大肠杆菌生产l-色氨酸
Modular engineering of Escherichia coli for high-level production of l-tryptophan
生物工程学报, 2023, 39(6): 2359-2374
Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 2023, 39(6): 2359-2374
10.13345/j.cjb.221005

文章历史

Received: December 15, 2022
Accepted: February 14, 2023
Published: February 16, 2023
模块化工程改造大肠杆菌生产l-色氨酸
丁爽1,2 , 陈修来1,2 , 高聪1,2 , 宋伟3 , 吴静3 , 魏婉清1,2 , 刘佳1,2 , 刘立明1,2     
1. 江南大学 食品科学与技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 无锡 214122;
2. 江南大学 食品安全国际合作联合实验室, 江苏 无锡 214122;
3. 江南大学生命科学与健康工程学院, 江苏 无锡 214122
摘要:l-色氨酸作为一种必需氨基酸,广泛应用于食品、饲料和医药等领域。目前,微生物法生产l-色氨酸存在转化率低等问题。为此,本研究通过敲除l-色氨酸操纵子阻遏蛋白(l-tryptophan operon repressor protein, trpR)、替换l-色氨酸弱化子(trpL)、引入抗反馈调节的aroGfbr等,获得可积累11.80 g/L l-色氨酸的底盘菌株大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) TRP3。在此基础上,将l-色氨酸合成途径分为中心代谢途径模块、莽草酸(shikimic acid, SA)途径至分支酸(chorismic acid, CHA)模块、分支酸至l-色氨酸模块,并借助启动子工程,通过平衡中心代谢途径模块、莽草酸途径至分支酸模块、分支酸至l-色氨酸模块,获得工程菌E. coli TRP9。在5 L发酵罐中,工程菌E. coli TRP9的l-色氨酸产量提升至36.08 g/L,糖酸转化率提升至18.55%,达到理论转化率的81.7%。本研究利用模块工程策略,构建了高产l-色氨酸生产菌株,为l-色氨酸的规模化生产奠定了良好的基础。
关键词l-色氨酸    大肠杆菌    代谢工程    模块化工程    
Modular engineering of Escherichia coli for high-level production of l-tryptophan
DING Shuang1,2 , CHEN Xiulai1,2 , GAO Cong1,2 , SONG Wei3 , WU Jing3 , WEI Wanqing1,2 , LIU Jia1,2 , LIU Liming1,2     
1. State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China;
2. International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China;
3. School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
Abstract: As an essential amino acid, l-tryptophan is widely used in food, feed and medicine sectors. Nowadays, microbial l-tryptophan production suffers from low productivity and yield. Here we construct a chassis E. coli TRP3 producing 11.80 g/L l-tryptophan, which was generated by knocking out the l-tryptophan operon repressor protein (trpR) and the l-tryptophan attenuator (trpL), and introducing the feedback-resistant mutant aroGfbr. On this basis, the l-tryptophan biosynthesis pathway was divided into three modules, including the central metabolic pathway module, the shikimic acid pathway to chorismate module and the chorismate to tryptophan module. Then we used promoter engineering approach to balance the three modules and obtained an engineered E. coli TRP9. After fed-batch cultures in a 5 L fermentor, tryptophan titer reached to 36.08 g/L, with a yield of 18.55%, which reached 81.7% of the maximum theoretical yield. The tryptophan producing strain with high yield laid a good foundation for large-scale production of tryptophan.
Keywords: l-tryptophan    Escherichia coli    metabolic engineering    modular engineering    

传统工业中,l-色氨酸主要通过化学合成法、生物转化法和酶转化法生产[1]。而如今,微生物直接发酵法生产l-色氨酸因成本低廉、环境友好等优点,已成为工业化生产的主要方法[2-4]。能用于发酵法生产l-色氨酸的菌株有大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)和酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)[5-6]。其中,大肠杆菌具有生长快、易培养、改造手段丰富等优点,成为发酵法生产l-色氨酸的首选菌株[7]。然而,受错综复杂的生物代谢途径与反馈调节机制的阻碍,导致E. coli发酵生产l-色氨酸的效率处于较低水平[8-9]。为此,在过去的几十年中,研究人员发展了丰富的代谢工程策略改造E. coli以获得l-色氨酸高产菌株,如通过过表达抗反馈抑制的aroGfbr [3-脱氧-d-阿拉伯庚酮糖-7-磷酸(3‐deoxy‐d‐arabinoheptulosonate‐7‐ phosphate, DAHP)合酶]、trpEfbrDCBA (l-色氨酸操纵子),使E. coli生产l-色氨酸产量达到45.0 g/L,生产强度达到1.07 g/(L·h)[10]。尽管如此,前体物质磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP)和赤藓糖-4-磷酸(erythrose-4-phosphate, E4P)的匮乏,限制了l-色氨酸产量进一步提升,为此,通过对合成前体E4P的关键基因tktA (转酮酶Ⅰ)和合成前体PEP的关键基因ppsA (磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸合成酶)进行研究,发现在单独表达tktAppsA以及共同表达的情况下,l-色氨酸产量分别提高了1.0%、5.6%和11.9%[11]。此外,E. coli发酵生产l-色氨酸过程中往往伴随大量副产物的产生,对菌株的生长与l-色氨酸的合成均会带来不利的影响,为此,通过敲除副产物乙酸合成途径相关的多个基因,使菌体浓度和色氨酸的产量分别提高了11.5%和20.6%[12]。为进一步提高l-色氨酸产量,本团队通过启动子工程调节ppsAtktAaroG表达,平衡2个前体PEP与E4P的供给;并通过控制丝氨酸合成途径serAserBserC表达,优化丝氨酸供给,使l-色氨酸的产量达到40.1 g/L,有效地提高了l-色氨酸的产量与生产强度;然而糖酸转化率最高仅达到14.2%,进一步通过强化转运蛋白yddG表达,使l-色氨酸的产量和转化率得到进一步提升,但最终糖酸转化率仅为17.1%[13]

上述代谢工程方法显著提高了l-色氨酸产量,但莽草酸途径作为芳香族氨基酸的共同途径对生产l-色氨酸的影响往往被人们所忽视。为此,把以前期研究中获得的原始菌株E. coli TRP0作为底盘微生物,借助代谢工程策略解除了色氨酸合成途径中的反馈抑制,并利用模块化工程策略优化莽草酸途径(图 1),获得工程菌E. coli TRP9,使l-色氨酸产量达到36.08 g/L,糖酸转化率达到18.55%。

图 1 大肠杆菌中色氨酸的合成途径 Fig. 1 Major metabolic pathways associated with l-tryptophan biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. A blue indicates that the corresponding gene was knocked out. Red arrows indicate that the corresponding gene was overexpressed in plasmid. The dashed arrow represents a multi‐step pathway. The solid arrow represents a one‐step pathway. The orange arrows indicate that the corresponding gene was amplified in genome. Ptac: IPTG‐inducible promoter; PJ23119, PJ23108 and PJ23114: Constitutive promoter. tktA: Transketolase gene; ppsA: Phosphoenolpyruvate synthase gene; aroG*: 3‐deoxy‐d‐arabinoheptulosonate‐7‐phosphate synthase gene; aroB: 3‐dehydroquinate synthase gene; aroE: Shikimate 5‐dehydrogenase gene; aroL: Shikimate kinase gene; trpE*: Anthranilate synthase I gene; trpD: Anthranilate synthase Ⅱ gene; trpC: Indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase/Phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase gene; trpB and trpA: l-tryptophan synthase subunit beta and alpha gene; prs: Aromatic amino acid exporter gene; serA: 3‐phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase gene; trpR: Transcriptional repressor for trp operon gene; trpL: Attenuator for trp operon gene; poxB: Pyruvate oxidase B gene; ldhA: Lactate dehydrogenase gene; tdcD: Propionate kinase gene; dld: Quinone-dependent lactate dehydrogenase gene. G6P: Glucose 6‐phosphate; PEP: Phosphoenoypyruvate; PYR: Pyruvate; ACCoA: Acetyl‐CoA; E4P: Erythrose‐4‐phosphate; DAHP: 3‐deoxy‐d‐arabinoheptulosonate‐7‐phosphate; DHQ: 3‐dehydroquinate; DHS: 3‐dehydroshikimate; SHK: Shikimic acid; S3P: Shikimate‐3‐phosphate; CHA: Chorismate; ANTA: Anthranilate; RRA: N‐(5‐phosphoribosyl)‐anthranilate; I3GP: (1s, 2r)-1‐C‐(indol‐3‐yl)glycerol 3‐phosphate; TRP: l-tryptophan; R5P: Ribose‐5‐phosphate; PRPP: Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate; G3P: 3‐phosphoglycerate; P3P: 3‐phosphopyruate; S3P: 3‐phosphserine; SER: Serine; LAC: Lactate; ACE: Acetic acid.
1 材料与方法 1.1 材料 1.1.1 菌株和质粒

本研究使用的E. coli JM109用于质粒表达,E. coli TRP及其衍生菌株用于l-色氨酸生产(E. coli TRP为此前研究[13]中所使用的原始菌株E. coli TRP0,经多轮诱变筛选获得,保藏编号CCTCC M20211388。本研究中将其命名为E. coli TRP)。本研究所使用的菌株和质粒见表 1

表 1 本研究所用的菌株和质粒 Table 1 Strains and plasmids used in this study
Strains and plasmids Relevant characteristics Sources
Plasmids
  pBR322-023 Derivative of pBR322-023, ColE1 ori, TetR Lab storage
  pRSF-D Derivative of pRSF-Dute, RSF ori, KanR Lab storage
  pTet-D Derivative of pTet-Dute, p15A ori, CmR Lab storage
  pBR322-023-aroGfbr ColE1 ori, Tet, Ptac, aroGfbr This study
  pTet-L-aroB p15A ori, CmR, PJ23114, aroB This study
  pTet-M-aroB p15A ori, CmR, PJ23108, aroB This study
  pTet-H-aroB p15A ori, CmR, PJ23119, aroB This study
  pTet-L-aroE p15A ori, CmR, PJ23114, aroE This study
  pTet-M-aroE p15A ori, CmR, PJ23108, aroE This study
  pTet-H-aroE p15A ori, CmR, PJ23119, aroE This study
  pTet-L-aroL p15A ori, CmR, PJ23114, aroL This study
  pTet-M-aroL p15A ori, CmR, PJ23108, aroL This study
  pTet-H-aroL p15A ori, CmR, PJ23119, aroL This study
  pBR322-023-aroGfbr-trpEfbrDCBA ColE1 ori, TetR, Ptac, aroGfbr, Ptac, aroGfbr This study
  pRSF-L-prs RSF ori, KanR, PJ23114, prs This study
  pRSF-M-prs RSF ori, KanR, PJ23108, prs This study
  pRSF-H-prs RSF ori, KanR, PJ23119, prs This study
  pRSF-L-serA RSF ori, KanR, PJ23114, serA This study
  pRSF-M-serA RSF ori, KanR, PJ23108, serA This study
  pRSF-H-serA RSF ori, KanR, PJ23119, serA This study
Strains
  E. coli JM109 General cloning host TaKaRa Bio
  E. coli TRP Derivative of E. coli W3110, capable of producing l-tryptophan Lab storage[13]
  TRP1 TRP ΔtrpR This study
  TRP2 TRP1 ΔtrpL This study
  TRP3 TRP2 ΔaroG: : aroGfbr This study
  TRP3-1 TRP3 ΔpoxB This study
  TRP3-2 TRP3 ΔtdcD This study
  TRP3-3 TRP3 Δpta This study
  TRP3-4 TRP3 ΔackA This study
  TRP3-5 TRP3 ΔldhA This study
  TRP3-6 TRP3 Δdld This study
  TRP4 TRP3 ΔpoxB: : ppsA This study
  TRP5 TRP4 ΔldhA: : tktA This study
  TRP6 TRP5 pBR322-023-aroGfbr This study
  TRP6-0 TRP6 pTet-D This study
  TRP6-1 TRP6 pTet-L-aroB This study
  TRP6-2 TRP6 pTet-M-aroB This study
  TRP6-3 TRP6 pTet-H-aroB This study
  TRP6-4 TRP6 pTet-L-aroE This study
  TRP6-5 TRP6 pTet-M-aroE This study
  TRP6-6 TRP6 pTet-H-aroE This study
  TRP6-7 TRP6 pTet-L-aroL This study
  TRP6-8 TRP6 pTet-M-aroL This study
  TRP6-9 TRP6 pTet-H-aroL This study
  TRP7 TRP6 ΔtdcD: : L-aroB-H-aroE-M-aroL This study
  TRP8 TRP7 pBR322-Ptac-aroGfbr-Ptac-trpEfbrDCBA This study
  TRP8-0 TRP8 pRSF-D This study
  TRP8-1 TRP8 pRSF-L-prs This study
  TRP8-2 TRP8 pRSF-M-prs This study
  TRP8-3 TRP8 pRSF-H-prs This study
  TRP8-4 TRP8 pRSF-L-serA This study
  TRP8-5 TRP8 pRSF-M-serA This study
  TRP8-6 TRP8 pRSF-H-serA This study
TRP9 TRP8 Δdld: : H-serA-M-prs This study
H: High expression level under PJ23119 promoter; M: Moderate expression level under PJ23108 promoter; L: Low expression level under PJ23114 promoter.
1.1.2 培养基

LB培养基:酵母粉5.0 g/L,蛋白胨10 g/L,NaCl 10 g/L (固体培养基中添加2%的琼脂)。

种子培养基:K2HPO4 24 g/L,KH2PO4 9.6 g/L,酵母粉15 g/L,(NH4)2SO4 5.0 g/L,MgSO4 1.0 g/L,葡萄糖30 g/L,四环素50 mg/L,自然pH。

发酵培养基:葡萄糖7.5 g/L,酵母浸粉(安琪酵母FM902) 3.0 g/L,(NH4)2SO4 1.6 g/L,柠檬酸2.0 g/L,K2HPO4 5.6 g/L,MgSO4 2.0 g/L,微量元素液1 mL/L,使用NaOH调节pH至7.0。

微量元素液配方:FeSO4·7H2O 75.6 g/L,CoCl2·6H2O 4.0 g/L,CuSO4·5H2O 0.6 g/L,ZnSO4·7H2O 6.4 g/L,Na2SO4 20 g/L,MnSO4·H2O 4.5 g/L,溶于5 mmol/L H2SO4中。

1.1.3 主要试剂

PrimeSTAR高保真酶、T4 DNA连接酶、Taq DNA聚合酶、限制性内切酶,购自宝生物工程(大连)有限公司;一步同源重组酶,购自南京巨匠生物科技有限公司;细菌基因组提取试剂盒、质粒提取试剂盒、胶回收试剂盒,购自南京诺唯赞生物科技有限公司;抗生素,购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;乳酸、乙酸、3-脱氢莽草酸(3‐dehydroshikimate, DHS)、莽草酸、分支酸,购自Sigma公司;酵母浸粉(安琪酵母FM902),购自安琪酵母股份有限公司;酵母粉、蛋白胨,购自Oxoid公司;葡萄糖,购自西王集团有限公司;PCR引物,亦欣生物科技(上海)有限公司;其他试剂,购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。

1.2 方法 1.2.1 培养方法

固体活化:LB培养基灭菌后,待温度降到45 ℃左右加入四环素。配制好的平板斜面等需放在35 ℃恒温倒置2 d。一代活化:35 ℃培养14–16 h。二代活化:35 ℃培养12–14 h。

种子培养:向培养好的斜面中加入10 mL生理盐水洗下菌苔。摇晃均匀后吸取1 mL菌液移入种子液中(50 mL/500 mL三角瓶),在36 ℃、200 r/min条件下培养6 h。

摇瓶发酵:发酵培养基中初始葡萄糖浓度提高至40 g/L,并添加80 mg/L苯酚红作为pH指示剂。按照10% (体积分数)的接种量将种子培养液接种于装有45 mL发酵培养基的500 mL三角瓶中。在36 ℃、200 r/min条件下培养40 h。发酵过程中,以苯酚红为指示剂,每隔4 h添加一次氨水调节pH。

发酵控制:以1.5 vvm初始通气比、400 r/min初始转速将培养好的种子液按10% (体积分数)的接种量接种于5 L发酵罐[T & J-Intelli-FermA, T & J Bio-engineering (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.]中。发酵过程中开启pH自控,流加25%氨水控制pH为7.0;开启温度自控,发酵温度控制为36 ℃;手动调节转速与通气,维持溶氧在20%−30%。接种6 h左右,溶氧骤升,初始葡萄糖耗尽,启动自动补料模式,通过流加800 g/L葡萄糖控制发酵液中葡萄糖浓度在1 g/L以内。当OD600达到15−16时,加入0.5 mmol/L异丙基-β-d-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl- beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside, IPTG)进行诱导。

1.2.2 重组菌株构建

基因敲除与整合采用CRISPR-Cas9技术来完成,质粒构建采用标准分子克隆操作和吉布森组装法[14-15]。本研究所使用的引物见表 2。基因trpEfbrDCBAserAserBserCppsAtktAE. coli TRP基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增获得。基因aroGfbr通过PCR定点突变获得。

表 2 本研究中所用的引物 Table 2 Primers used in this study
Primers Sequences (5′→3′) Sizes (bp)
N20-poxB-F CATCGGCGCTCACAGCAAGGGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAAT 50
N20-poxB-R CCTTGCTGTGAGCGCCGATGACTAGTATTATACCTAGGACTGAGC 45
poxB-1 GAAGGAGATATACATATGGCAGATCTGGCTCCGTATATGGATTGGGTAGAG 51
poxB-2 TTATTATGACGGGAAATGCCACCCTTTGGTTCTCCATCTCCTGAATGTGATAACG 55
poxB-3 CGTTATCACATTCAGGAGATGGAGAACCAAAGGGTGGCATTTCCCGTCATAATAA 55
poxB-4 GCAGCGGTTTCTTTACCAGACTCGAGATTCCCATGCTTCTTTCAGGTATTCCCGCG 56
ppsA-1 ACAGAAGCGTAGAACGTTATGTCTG 25
ppsA-2 AGATATTATGCGGCGTTTAACGCAG 25
N20-tdcD-F GGCCTGGTTGTGGCGCATCTGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAAT 50
N20-tdcD-R AGATGCGCCACAACCAGGCCACTAGTATTATACCTAGGACTGAGC 45
tdcD-1 GAAGGAGATATACATATGGCAGATCTCAAAGCGCAGAATATTCCAGTGCTTT 52
tdcD-2 ATAATCTCTCTACAATACTTCAACTAAACTCTTTTCTCATCCTGAGTTACGGATTA 56
tdcD-3 TAATCCGTAACTCAGGATGAGAAAAGAGTTTAGTTGAAGTATTGTAGAGAGATTAT 56
tdcD-4 GCAGCGGTTTCTTTACCAGACTCGAGACATCAAATACGCCCTGGTTATGGG 51
aroBEL-1 CTACGAAGGTGCATTGAAGGCATACGTGCCGATCAACGTCTCA 43
aroBEL-2 GCACAAATGACACGCGCATTTCAACAATTGATCGTCTGTGCCAGG 45
N20-ldhA-F TTCTCTCTGGAAGGTCTGACGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAAT 50
N20-ldhA-R GTCAGACCTTCCAGAGAGAAACTAGTATTATACCTAGGACTGAGC 45
ldhA-1 CAAGCAGAATCAAGTTCTACCGTGC 25
ldhA-2 AGCGGCAAGAAAGACTTTCTCCAGTGATGTTGAATCACA 39
ldhA-3 AGAAAGTCTTTCTTGCCGCTCCCCTGCATT 30
ldhA-4 TGTCTGTTTTGCGGTCGCCA 20
tktA-1 TCACATGTTTATTCTTGAGCTTAATATCCCGACTGGC 37
tktA-2 AAGCTCAAGAATAAACATGTGAAAGAGAACGCGGC 35
N20-dld-F TTCTGGTTGCGCCGGGAAGCGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAAT 50
N20-dld-R GCTTCCCGGCGCAACCAGAAACTAGTATTATACCTAGGACTGAGC 45
dld-1 GAAGGAGATATACATATGGCAGATCTGATATCCTGACGGGTTACGGTGTTGA 52
dld-2 TGGCGATACTCTGCCATCCGTAATTTTTTCCACTCCTTGTGGTGGCGAAAAA 52
dld-3 TTTTTCGCCACCACAAGGAGTGGAAAAAATTACGGATGGCAGAGTATCGCCA 52
dld-4 GCAGCGGTTTCTTTACCAGACTCGAGGAATGAACAACACGCGCTTTGTTGAA 52
serA/prs-1 GGAGTGGAAATTACATTAATTGCGTTGCGCGGATC 35
serA/prs-2 TCCGTAATTTAGCTGCGCTAGTAGACGAGTC 31
aroG-F TCACATGTTTATTCTTGAGCTTAATATCCCGACTGGC 37
aroG-R AAGCTCAAGAATAAACATGTGAAAGAGAACGCGGC 35
trp-F TTAAGGTGGATGTCGCGTTAAGCTTAACCTATAAAAATAGGCGTATCACGAGGC 54
trp-R CTGCAGTCTAGACTCGAGTAAGGATCCCGACACTCATTAAAATTAGTCGCTAATGA 56
1.2.3 检测方法

细胞浓度检测:取适量发酵液稀释(稀释至OD600在0.2–0.8范围内),使用紫外分光光度计在波长600 nm下测定OD600

葡萄糖浓度检测:取适量发酵液经12 000 r/min,离心10 min,取上清液,控制样品中葡萄糖浓度稀释至0–2 g/L以内,采用SBA-40E生物传感分析仪测定(深圳西尔曼科技有限公司)。

l-色氨酸浓度检测:使用Agilent C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm, Agilent)。流动相配比为0.3 g/L KH2PO4 (水溶液)与甲醇按9:1 (体积比)混合;紫外检测器检测波长为278 nm;进样量10 μL;流速1.0 mL/min;柱温39 ℃。

有机酸浓度检测:使用Aminex HPX-87H色谱柱(7.8 mm×300 mm, 5 μm, Bio-Rad)。流动相为5 mmol/L稀硫酸;紫外检测器检测波长为210 nm;进样量10 μL;流速0.6 mL/min;柱温52 ℃。

胞内代谢物检测:将培养的细胞在15 mL的–40 ℃甘油/水(60:40, 体积比)混合物中冷激,并以12 000 r/min,–20 ℃离心3 min。细胞颗粒用5 mL生理盐水(4 ℃)洗涤2次,然后在5 mL 50%甲醇/水混合物(4 ℃)中重悬。悬浮液经液氮冻融5次循环处理,并以12 000 r/min、4 ℃离心10 min。PEP测定采用磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP) ELISA检测试剂盒(上海科艾博生物技术有限公司);E4P测定采用赤藓糖-4-磷酸(E4P)酶联免疫分析试剂盒(上海雅吉杨生物科技有限公司);磷酸核糖焦磷酸(phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, PRPP)测定采用细菌磷酸核糖焦磷酸(PRPP) ELISA检测试剂盒(上海佰利莱生物科技有限公司);丝氨酸测定采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)梯度洗脱测定[16]

2 结果与分析 2.1 构建合成l-色氨酸底盘微生物

为了获得合成l-色氨酸的底盘微生物,本研究以E. coli TRP (实验室保藏)为底盘菌株,利用CRISPR技术敲除l-色氨酸操纵子阻遏蛋白的编码基因trpR,获得工程菌株E. coli TRP1 (TRP ΔtrpR)。为了消除l-色氨酸弱化子的调控,在E. coli TRP1的基础上,敲除l-色氨酸操纵子的弱化子区域(trpL),获得工程菌株E. coli TRP2 (TRP1 ΔtrpL)。为了进一步削弱苯丙氨酸对aroG的反馈抑制,通过蛋白质工程改造,将E. coli TRP2的aroG第211位丝氨酸突变为苯丙氨酸[17],获得工程菌株E. coli TRP3 (TRP2 ΔaroG: : aroGfbr)。如图 2A所示,与E. coli TRP相比,菌株E. coli TRP3在5 L发酵罐上生长没有发生变化,在发酵28 h时,OD600达到最高60.5;l-色氨酸产量和转化率分别提高了70.8%和58.3%,达到11.80 g/L和8.25%。发酵液中副产物乙酸和乳酸含量分别达到9.63 g/L和12.41 g/L (图 2B),显著降低了l-色氨酸转化率。

图 2 5 L发酵罐中Escherichia coli TRP和E. coli TRP3生产性能比较 Fig. 2 Fed‐batch cultures of Escherichia coli TRP and E. coli TRP3 in 5 L fermentor. A: The l-tryptophan titer, OD600 and glucose concentration of strains E. coli TRP and TRP3 in 5 L fermentor. B: Comparison of lactate and acetate concentration in fermentation broth.
2.2 重构中心代谢路径增加前体DAHP供应

为了降低副产物积累,进一步提高色氨酸的产量与转化率对菌株E. coli TRP3的中心代谢路径进行重构,主要包括3个方面:(1) 敲除副产物合成基因;(2) 在副产物合成基因的位点插入l-色氨酸前体合成基因;(3) 强化表达l-色氨酸合成路径中的关键酶基因aroG[18]。为了降低副产物乙酸的积累,分别敲除菌株E. coli TRP3中的丙酮酸氧化酶基因poxB[19-20]、丙酸激酶基因tdcD[12, 21]、磷酸乙酰转移酶基因pta和乙酸激酶基因ackA[22],获得突变菌株E. coli TRP3-1 (ΔpoxB)、TRP3-2 (ΔtdcD)、TRP3-3 (Δpta)和TRP3-4 (ΔackA);为了降低副产物乳酸合成,分别敲除E. coli TRP3中的乳酸脱氢酶基因ldhA[23]和醌依赖型-乳酸脱氢酶的编码基因dld[24],获得突变菌株E. coli TRP3-5 (TRP3 ΔldhA)和TRP3-6 (TRP3 Δdld) (图 3A)。经摇瓶发酵发现,不同基因的敲除,对菌株生长和生产带来不同程度的影响(图 3B),与E. coli TRP3相比:(1) 敲除poxB,使OD600提高了9.1%,而ptaackA的敲除则使菌株OD600分别降低18.3%和37.1%,tdcDldhAdld的敲除对菌株的生长没有显著影响;(2) 敲除poxBldhA,使l-色氨酸产量分别提高了4.9%和3.8%,而敲除ptaackA则使产量分别降低了22.7%和34.6%,敲除tdcDdld对l-色氨酸产量没有显著影响;(3) 敲除ldhApoxB,使转化率分别提高了5.1%和3.5%,敲除ptaackA使转化率分别降低了6.6%和11.9%,而敲除tdcDdld对转化率没有明显影响。上述结果表明,敲除poxB有利于提高细胞生长与产量,敲除ldhA有利于提高转化率,敲除基因ptaackA不利于提高菌株生长、产量和转化率,而敲除tdcDdld几乎不影响l-色氨酸生产。

图 3 重构中心代谢路径对l-色氨酸生产的影响 Fig. 3 Effect of redesigning central metabolic pathway on l-tryptophan production. A: The diagram of redesigned central metabolic pathway. The red arrow indicates the corresponding gene which was integrated and overexpressed. The blue indicates the corresponding gene was knocked out. Each gene encodes the following enzymes. ackA: Acetate kinase A; pta: Phosphate acetyltransferase; poxB, ldhA, tdcD and dld was shown in Figure 1. B: Effect of gene deletion on l-tryptophan production in shake flasks. C: Comparison of the production performance and precursors PEP and E4P concentration by E. coli TRP3-1, TRP4, TRP5 in shake flasks. D: The production performance of E. coli TRP6 in 5 L fermentor and shake flasks (the inserted figure). E: The accumulation of by-product and intermediate metabolite by E. coli TRP6 in 5 L fermentor.

为了提高前体PEP和E4P的供应,在菌株E. coli TRP3中将ppsA (编码PEP合酶)[25]整合到poxB的基因座上,获得菌株E. coli TRP4 (TRP3 ΔpoxB: : ppsA),其在摇瓶水平中l-色氨酸产量提高至2.05 g/L,转化率达到6.55%,较菌株E. coli TRP3-1分别提高5.7%和4.3% (图 3C)。进一步发现菌株E. coli TRP4中胞内PEP含量达到18.60 nmol/g DCW,较E. coli TRP3-1提高了12.5%;而E4P的含量几乎不变,PEP与E4P的比值由E. coli TRP3-1的1.58增加至1.79 (图 3C)。更进一步,将tktA (编码转酮醇酶)[25]整合到菌株E. coli TRP4的ldhA的基因座上,得到突变菌株E. coli TRP5 (TRP4 ΔldhA: : tktA),其在摇瓶上l-色氨酸产量提高至2.31 g/L,转化率为7.21% (图 3C)。菌株E. coli TRP5胞内E4P浓度较菌株E. coli TRP4提高了16.3% (10.38 nmol/g DCW提高到12.07 nmol/g DCW),PEP与E4P比值降低至1.51 (图 3C)。

PEP和E4P缩合形成DAHP,不仅是莽草酸合成路径最为关键的环节,也是l-色氨酸合成路径中的关键限速瓶颈[18]。在E. coli中,该反应由AroG、AroF和AroH三个同工酶(DAHP合酶)共同催化,其中AroG酶活占总酶活的80%,并且该酶受l-苯丙氨酸的反馈抑制[26]。为了进一步提高前体DAHP的积累,在E. coli TRP5中过表达aroGfbr (抗反馈突变体),获得菌株E. coli TRP6 (TRP5 Ptac-aroGfbr)。在摇瓶水平上l-色氨酸产量提高至2.82 g/L,转化率达7.89% (图 3D)。在5 L发酵罐中(图 3D),E. coli TRP6的OD600为84.3,比菌株E. coli TRP3提高了39.3%;l-色氨酸的产量和转化率分别达到17.43 g/L和11.20%,较E. coli TRP3分别提高了47.7%和35.8%;而副产物乙酸和乳酸含量分别下降至3.47 g/L和5.41 g/L,比菌株TRP3分别降低了64.0%和56.4% (图 3E)。综上所述,重构中心代谢路径可以削弱副产物积累对菌株生长和生产的抑制,并增加前体供应,能有效地提高菌株的生产性能。然而,在发酵过程中还发现,莽草酸途径至分支酸模块的中间代谢物3-脱氢莽草酸和莽草酸含量分别达到4.52 g/L和2.50 g/L,而分支酸含量仅为0.64 g/L (图 3E),这一结果表明,莽草酸途径效率较低,无法将前体3-脱氢莽草酸和莽草酸转化为分支酸。

2.3 优化莽草酸途径增加分支酸供应

图 4A所示,莽草酸途径的关键靶点aroBaroEaroL对l-色氨酸合成具有重要影响[27]。为此,利用3个水平的启动子高(PJ23119)、中(PJ23108)和低(PJ23114)[28]调控aroBaroEaroL表达水平,构建了9株基因工程菌(图 4B)。摇瓶发酵结果(图 4B)表明,与E. coli TRP6相比:(1) 当基因aroB在低(TRP6-1)、中(TRP6-2)、高(TRP6-3)水平表达时,l-色氨酸产量分别提高6.7%、6.0%和3.0%,转化率分别提高6.6%、5.3%和0.1%;(2) 当基因aroE在低(TRP6-4)、中(TRP6-5)、高(TRP6-6)水平表达时,l-色氨酸的产量分别提高9.3%、12.8%和17.2%,转化率分别提高5.5%、8.1%和10.4%;(3) 当基因aroL在低(TRP6-7)、中(TRP6-8)、高(TRP6-9)水平表达时,l-色氨酸的产量分别提高6.7%、20.4%和7.7%,转化率分别提高6.7%、11.8%和5.8%。对上述结果进行总结,发现当基因aroB低水平(TRP6-1)、aroE高水平(TRP6-6)、aroL中水平(TRP6-8)表达时,l-色氨酸产量分别为3.01、3.31和3.40 g/L,转化率为8.41%、8.71%和8.82%。

图 4 优化莽草酸途径增加分支酸供应 Fig. 4 Increase the intracellular chorismate content by optimizing the shikimic acid pathway. A: The optimization of shikimic acid pathway to CHA. The red bold arrow indicates the key gene which was optimized and evaluated. B: Effect of individual genes on production performance, and the result of shake flask fermentation using the optimal combination. H: High expression level under PJ23119 promoter; M: Moderate expression level under PJ23108 promoter; L: Low expression level under PJ23114 promoter. C and D: The l-tryptophan titer, cell growth, glucose concentration and intermediate metabolite content by E. coli TRP7 in 5 L fermentor.

基于上述结果,在菌株E. coli TRP6中将L-aroB-H-aroE-M-aroL片段组合装配至基因组tdcD的基因座上,得到突变菌株E. coli TRP7 (TRP6 ΔtdcD: : L-aroB-H-aroE-M-aroL)。摇瓶实验表明,菌株E. coli TRP7生长没有发生显著变化,但l-色氨酸产量和转化率比菌株E. coli TRP6分别提高了36.5%和18.1%,达到3.85 g/L和9.32%。在5 L发酵罐中发酵40 h,色氨酸产量和转化率分别达到23.41 g/L和13.41% (图 4C),比菌株E. coli TRP6分别提高了34.3%和19.7%。而DHS和SA含量分别下降了66.6% (4.52 g/L下降到1.51 g/L)和65.6% (2.50 g/L下降到0.86 g/L,图 4D)。此时分支酸含量从0.64 g/L提高至3.64 g/L (E. coli TRP6,图 4D)。上述结果表明,通过启动子工程优化莽草酸途径,能有效地降低中间代谢物积累,从而提高l-色氨酸合成效率。

2.4 模块优化分支酸至l-色氨酸途径

为了强化分支酸至l-色氨酸的代谢通量(图 5A),在菌株E. coli TRP7中过量表达l-色氨酸操纵子trpEDCBA (trpE所编码的邻氨基苯甲酸合酶在菌株进行诱变时已发生抗反馈突变[13]),获得工程菌株E. coli TRP8 (TRP7 Ptac-trpEfbrDCBA),其在摇瓶中l-色氨酸产量(5.48 g/L)和转化率(10.65%)比菌株E. coli TRP7分别提高了42.3%和14.3% (图 5B)。为了提高l-色氨酸前体丝氨酸与PRPP供应,通过启动子工程分别对丝氨酸合成路径关键基因serA和PRPP合成关键基因prs的表达水平进行优化,获得6株基因工程菌(图 5B)。发现随着serA表达水平的提高,菌株生长、产量和转化效率不断提升,当使用高强度启动子表达serA时,OD600、l-色氨酸产量和转化率分别达到30.15、6.68 g/L和11.56%,比菌株E. coli TRP8分别提高了12.9%、21.9%和8.5%。当基因prs表达水平在中(TRP8-5)和高(TRP8-6)时,l-色氨酸产量提升至5.85 g/L和5.86 g/L,但只有菌株E. coli TRP8-5转化率比E. coli TRP8提高了5.4%。因此,将基因serAprs分别控制在高、中水平表达时,有利于l-色氨酸的合成。因此,将H-serA-M-prs组合装配至菌株E. coli TRP8基因组中dld基因座上,获得E. coli TRP9 (TRP8 Δdld: : H-serA-M-prs)。在摇瓶中l-色氨酸产量和转化率分别达到7.05 g/L和12.10%,比菌株E. coli TRP8分别提高了28.6%和13.6%,而胞内丝氨酸和PRPP含量较E. coli TRP8分别提高了25.7%和7.2% (图 5C)。5 L发酵罐中发酵40 h,发酵结果如图 5D所示:菌株E. coli TRP9的OD600、l-色氨酸产量和转化率分别达到95.6、36.08 g/L和18.55%。与菌株E. coli TRP7相比,分别提高了18.9%、54.1%和38.3%。另外在发酵液中几乎检测不到分支酸的存在。这些结果表明,分支酸至l-色氨酸模块的优化能有效地提高l-色氨酸的生产能力。

图 5 优化分支酸到l-色氨酸模块的碳代谢通量 Fig. 5 The optimization of CHA-l-Trp module. A: The optimization diagram of CHA-l-Trp module. The red arrow indicates the corresponding genes were overexpressed. The orange arrow indicates the key gene which was optimized and evaluated. B: The cell growth, the titer and yield of l-tryptophan of different engineered strains in shake flasks. C: Comparison of the precursors (Ser and PRPP) titers in E. coli TRP8 and TRP9 in shake flasks. D: The l-tryptophan titer, cell growth and glucose concentration of E. coli TRP9 in 5 L fermentor.
3 讨论与展望

l-色氨酸的生物合成涉及糖酵解(Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, EMP)和戊糖磷酸途径(pentose phosphate pathway, PPP)两条途径,其中EMP途径形成的PEP与PPP途径形成E4P在DAHP合酶的催化下缩合形成DAHP[29]。有研究表明,流向EMP途径的碳通量要比流向PPP途径的碳通量高一个数量级[30],而大肠杆菌中大约只有3%的PEP会用于合成芳香族氨基酸[31]。错综复杂的生物合成途径为l-色氨酸的生产带来诸多隐患,例如副产物竞争碳流、中间代谢物积累以及合成路径代谢通量不足等。本研究通过代谢产物谱分析以及模块化工程,对这些问题进行了系统性的优化。首先,对底盘菌株E. coli TRP3的发酵液进行检测时,发现大量乙酸和乳酸的积累,为此,敲除了乙酸和乳酸合成相关的6个基因poxBtdcDptaackAldhAdld。随后将PEP合成酶的编码基因ppsA整合至poxB的基因座,将转酮酶Ⅰ的编码基因tktA整合到ldhA的基因座。发酵结果表明,胞内前体PEP和E4P的含量分别提高12.5%和16.3%,而副产物乙酸和乳酸的含量分别降低64.0%和56.4%;针对副产物3-脱氢莽草酸和莽草酸,通过启动子工程将莽草酸途径至分支酸模块的关键基因aroBaroEaroL分别控制在低、高、中水平,能有效地将3-脱氢莽草酸和莽草酸含量分别降低66.6%和65.6%。针对分支酸的含量从0.64 g/L增加至3.64 g/L,通过强化l-色氨酸操纵子的表达,同时优化分支酸至l-色氨酸模块中前体物质丝氨酸和PRPP合成的关键基因serAprs,获得高产菌株E. coli TRP9,其在5 L发酵罐中发酵40 h,OD600、l-色氨酸产量和糖酸转化率分别达到95.6、36.08 g/L和18.55%。

随着合成生物学手段的不断发展,越来越多的代谢工程策略应用于构建l-色氨酸高效生产的细胞工厂。酿酒酵母主要用于l-色氨酸生产的机制与模型的理解和学习[6]、而谷氨酸棒杆菌与大肠杆菌是常用的l-色氨酸工业生产菌株(表 3)。表 3中谷氨酸棒杆菌生产l-色氨酸产量虽高于大肠杆菌,但生产周期几乎是大肠杆菌的2倍,限制了工业化应用。因此,科研人员的注意力集中于代谢改造大肠杆菌,以获得l-色氨酸高产菌种。在前期研究中,本团队通过平衡PEP与E4P供给、优化丝氨酸供应和强化转运蛋白表达,使l-色氨酸的产量提升至52.1 g/L,转化率达到17.1%[13],有效地提高了l-色氨酸的产量,但糖酸转化率仅为理论转化率的75.3%,显著增加了底物成本。为了进一步提高糖酸转化率,相关研究工作主要集中阐释限制糖酸转化率提高的机制、改造葡萄糖转运系统(glucose transport system, PTS)、减少碳流竞争、增加前体供应等方面。大肠杆菌中磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸-糖磷酸转移酶-葡萄糖转运系统(PTS系统)消耗了大约50%的l-色氨酸前体物质PEP[31],导致进入莽草酸途径的碳通量减少了一半,使l-色氨酸的理论转化率仅为22.7%[32]。为进一步提高l-色氨酸的糖酸转化率,在对PTS系统中的磷酸载体蛋白(phosphocarrier protein, HPr)进行深入研究的基础上,构建了一系列HPr突变体,可使菌株糖酸转化率提高45.0%[33]。另一方面,Wu等[34]利用Red同源重组系统、构建包含两类典型PTS系统突变(ptsHIcrrglf-glk+ptsG)的l-色氨酸生产菌,使糖酸转化率分别提高了26.5%和17.6%。但是,PTS系统缺陷会严重影响工程菌株的生长能力,为此,研究人员通过引入运动假单胞菌(Zymomonas mobilis)的葡萄糖促扩散蛋白-葡萄糖激酶基因(glf-glk)来替代PTS系统,同时引入青春双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium adolescentis)的基因Xfpk来提高E4P供应,不仅改善了工程菌株生长性能,还使l-色氨酸的糖酸转化率取得突破性进展,达到22.7%[35]。而通过降低磷酸乙酰转移酶的亲和力,则可使l-色氨酸转化率提高了18.2%,同时副产物乙酸含量降低了53.5%[22];通过共表达前体合成的关键基因ppsAtktA,使l-色氨酸转化率由14.74%提升至16.44%,提高了11.5%[11]。尽管如此,l-色氨酸的转化率仍然难以取得实质性突破。在本研究中,通过代谢产物谱分析以及模块化工程解除l-色氨酸生物合成路径中的潜在瓶颈,使工程菌株E. coli TRP9在生产强度与其他高产菌株保持相差不大的情况下,糖酸转化率提高至18.55%,是理论转化率的81.7%。这一数值较此前研究中未进行转运工程改造的菌株(TRP8)提高了30.6%[13],较此前研究中的最终菌株(TRP12)提高了8.5%[13]

表 3 生产l-色氨酸的高效细胞工厂 Table 3 The engineered strains for efficient produce l-tryptophan
Strains Titer (g/L) Yield (%) Productivity (g/(L·h)) Carbon source References
C. glutamicum KY9218 58.0 NA 0.725 Sucrose [36]
E. coli S028 40.3 15.0 0.661 Glucose [9]
E. coli FB-04(pta1)ΔpyfK 45.5 14.0 0.948 Glucose [33]
E. coli KW023 39.7 16.7 0.827 Glucose [37]
E. coli SX11 41.7 22.7 1.040 Glucose [35]
E. coli TRP12 52.1 17.1 1.450 Glucose [13]
E. coli TRP9 36.1 18.6 0.903 Glucose This study
NA: Not available.

虽然对PTS系统进行代谢改造能有效地提高l-色氨酸的糖酸转化率,但大量研究表明,PTS系统的改造导致菌株生长受到抑制,进而限制了l-色氨酸产量进一步提高[37]。因此,后续研究中重点关注于底物-产物转运系统的优化,通过基因电路、群体响应开关等代谢工程元件调节微生物生长、生产以及底物-产物转运,构建微生物智能转运系统,以有效地提高l-色氨酸产量和糖酸转化率。

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