纳米抗体的研究进展及其应用现状

Research progress and application of nanobodies

摘要:

纳米抗体(nanobodies, Nbs)是在骆驼科动物和鲨鱼中发现的一种独特的单域抗体，即重链抗体可变区(variable domain of the heavy chain of heavy-chain antibody, VHH)，具有很强的抗原靶向性和结合能力，规避了传统抗体体积大、稳定性低、免疫原性高以及清除速度慢的缺点。Nbs与毒素、酶、放射性核苷酸、荧光基团等官能团的生物偶联，增强了Nbs的功能，使其在人与动物疾病诊断和治疗方面展现出潜在的应用价值。本文综述了Nbs的结构特性，Nbs库的构建、筛选以及亲和力成熟策略，概述了Nbs在诊断和治疗中的应用现状，为疫病的诊断试剂研发与临床治疗提供了参考。

Abstract:

Nanobodies (Nbs), the unique single-domain antibodies discovered in the species of Camelidae and sharks, are also known as the variable domain of the heavy chain of heavy-chain antibody (VHH). They offer strong antigen targeting and binding capabilities and overcome the drawbacks such as large size, low stability, high immunogenicity, and slow clearance of conventional antibodies. Nbs can be boosted by bioconjugation with toxins, enzymes, radioactive nucleotides, fluorophores, and other functional groups, demonstrating potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of human and animal diseases. This article introduces the structures and characteristics of Nbs, the construction and screening of Nb libraries, and the strategies for affinity maturation and then reviews the current applications of Nbs in diagnosis and treatment, providing a reference for the development of diagnostic reagents and clinical therapies for infectious diseases.