厌氧氨氧化工艺的应用现状和问题

Application and obstacles of ANAMMOX process

摘要:

厌氧氨氧化 (Anaerobic ammonium oxidation, ANAMMOX) 工艺因其高效低耗的优势，在废水生物脱氮领域具有广阔的应用前景。在过去的20年中，许多基于ANAMMOX反应的工艺得以不断研究和应用。预计到2014年末，全球范围内的ANAMMOX工程将会超过100座。综述了各种形式的ANAMMOX工艺，包括短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化、全程自养脱氮、限氧自养硝化反硝化、反硝化氨氧化、好氧反氨化、同步短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化耦合、单级厌氧氨氧化短程硝化脱氮工艺。对一体式和分体式工艺运行条件进行了比较，结合ANAMMOX工艺工程 (主要包括移动床生物膜，颗粒污泥和序批式反应器系统) 应用现状，总结了工程化应用过程中遇到的问题及其解决对策，在此基础上对今后的研究和应用方向进行了展望。今后的研究重点应集中于运行条件的优化和水质障碍因子的解决，尤其是工艺自动化控制系统的开发和特殊废水对工艺性能影响的研究。

Abstract:

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX), as its essential advantages of high efficiency and low cost, is a promising novel biological nitrogen elimination process with attractive application prospects. Over the past two decades, many processes based on the ANAMMOX reaction have been continuously studied and applied to practical engineering, with the perspective of reaching100 full-scale installations in operation worldwide by 2014. Our review summarizes various forms of ANAMMOX processes, including partial nitritation-ANAMMOX, completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite, oxygen limited autotrophic nitrification and denitrification, denitrifying ammonium oxidation, aerobic deammonification, simultaneous partial nitrification, ANAMMOX and denitrification, single-stage nitrogen removal using ANAMMOX and partial nitritation. We also compare the operating conditions for one-stage and two-stage processes and summarize the obstacles and countermeasures in engineering application of ANAMMOX systems, such as moving bed biofilm reactor, sequencing batch reactor and granular sludge reactor. Finally, we discuss the future research and application direction, which should focus on the optimization of operating conditions and applicability of the process to the actual wastewater, especially on automated control and the impact of special wastewater composition on process performance.