α疱疹病毒的神经传导——轴突上的“穿梭”

Transport of alphaherpesviruses in neurons——axonal “shuttling”

摘要:

α疱疹病毒经过长期的进化与宿主形成了良好的相互适应关系。其中部分α疱疹病毒具有典型的嗜神经特性，受到广泛的关注和深入的研究。嗜神经性α疱疹病毒能突破宿主屏障而感染神经元，并在其胞体内大量繁殖进而完成进一步的扩散或在胞体中建立潜伏感染。病毒无论是感染神经元还是在进一步扩散的过程中都会经历沿轴突或树突的传导过程，所以此过程是病毒生命周期中不可或缺的一部分，同时也是影响病毒入侵神经系统的关键因素。对嗜神经性α疱疹病毒在神经元内传导过程的研究不仅能深入地了解病毒，而且还能针对性地研发相应的疫苗或靶向性治疗药物，同时还可利用其神经嗜性将病毒作为解析神经环路的有力工具。文中主要对α疱疹病毒在轴突中的传导机制进行了综述，并提出病毒在轴突中传导的研究发展方向和应用价值，可为防控α疱疹病毒感染提供参考。

Abstract:

After a long-term co-evolution, alphaherpesviruses have established mutual adaptability with their hosts. Some alphaherpesviruses have typical neurotropic characteristics, which have received extensive attention and in-depth research. Neurotropic alphaherpesviruses can break through the host barrier to infect neurons and multiply in large numbers in the neuron cell body to complete further proliferation or establish latent infection in the cell body. Either in the process of infecting neurons or further spreading, alphaherpesviruses will undergo transmission along axons or dendrites, so this process is an integral part of the life cycle of the viruses, and is also a key factor for the viruses to spread in nervous system. Therefore, studies on transportation of alphaherpesviruses in neurons will provide new insights of the viruses and promote the development of corresponding vaccines or targeted therapeutic pharmaceuticals. In addition, the neurotropism of alphaherpesviruses is conducive to the analysis of nerve circuits. Herein, the mechanisms of alphaherpesvirus transport in axons were reviewed, and the research direction and application of the transport of alphaherpesviruses in axons were put forward, which can provide reference for the prevention and control of alphaherpesviral infections.