人参皂苷单体定向转化的生物催化及应用进展

Biocatalytic strategies in producing ginsenoside by glycosidase-a review

摘要:

人参是我国传统中药，药效显著、应用广泛。通过定向修饰与转化人参皂苷糖基可产生高抗癌活性稀有人参皂苷。传统化学法由于制备工艺极其复杂、成本过高，不能应用于临床，微生物及其酶系转化成为解决该瓶颈问题的最可行手段。有关全细胞催化、糖苷酶重组表达、固定化及其催化分子识别机制和溶剂工程的生物转化已有大量综述报道，但尚无在人参皂苷转化应用中的系统研究。文中通过对人参皂苷单体生物转化理论和应用研究最新进展的回顾，结合目前广泛采用的生物催化方法的讨论，系统梳理归纳了能够改善产物专一性、提高催化效率，且具有工业应用前景的人参皂苷单体定向转化方法。基于酶分子设计以及离子液体溶剂工程，对人参皂苷单体抗癌药物和食品、保健品市场的开发、规模化制备进行了展望。

关键词:人参皂苷，生物催化，全细胞转化，酶法转化，离子液体

Abstract:

Panax ginseng is a traditional Chinese medicine with significant pharmaceutical effects and wide application. Through orientational modification and transformation of ginsenoside glycosyl, rare ginsenosides with high antitumor activities can be generated. Traditional chemical methods cannot be applied in clinic. because of extremely complex preparation technologies and very high cost Transformations using microorganisms and their enzymatic systems provide the most feasible methods for solving the main problems. At present, the key problems in enzymatic synthesis of ginsenosides include low specific enzyme activities, identity of enzymes involved in the enzymatic synthesis, and their catalytic mechanisms, as well as nonsystematic studies on structural bioinformatics; specificity of enzymatic hydrolysis for saponin glycosyl has been rarely studied. Many reviews have been reported on glycosidase molecular recognition, immobilization, and biotransformation in ionic liquids (ILs), whereas ginsenoside transformation and application have not been systematically studied. To evaluate theoretical and applied studies on ginsenoside-oriented biotransformation, by reviewing the latest developments in related fields and evaluating the widely applied biocatalytic strategy, this review aims to evaluate the ginsenoside-oriented transformation method with improved product specificity, increased biocatalytic efficiency, and industrial application prospect based on the designed transformations of enzyme and solvent engineering of ILs. Therefore, useful theoretical and experimental evidence can be obtained for the development of ginsenoside anticancer drugs, large-scale preparation, and clinical applications in cancer therapy.

Key words:ginsenosides, biocatalysis, whole cell conversion, enzyme conversion, ionic liquids