脱氮微生物及脱氮工艺研究进展

Advances in denitrification microorganisms and processes

摘要:

脱氮是大部分污水处理系统中不可缺少的一环。由于具有经济高效、工艺简单和无二次污染等显著优势，生物脱氮工艺在最近数十年中备受关注。根据脱氮微生物的生理特性和脱氮机制不同，文中分类综述了近年来生物脱氮工艺的研究进展，重点对比分析了硝化菌、反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌以及以这些菌为基础的不同生物脱氮工艺的优缺点，为复杂污水环境的脱氮工艺选择提供参考。基于微生物脱氮机制，通过合成生物学技术开发高效脱氮菌株，结合不同工艺优点并应用自动化模拟最佳条件，从而建立经济高效的脱氮工艺将是未来发展的重要方向。

关键词:生物脱氮，短程硝化-反硝化，厌氧氨氧化，异养硝化-好氧反硝化

Abstract:

Denitrification is an indispensable part of most sewage treatment systems. The biological denitrification process has attracted much attention in the past decades due to the advantages such as cost-effectiveness, process simplicity, and absence of secondary pollution. This review summarized the advances on biological denitrification processes in recent years according to the different physiological characteristics and denitrification mechanisms of denitrification microorganisms. The pros and cons of different biological denitrification processes developed based on nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were compared with the aim to identify the best strategy for denitrification in a complex wastewater environment. The rapid development of synthetic biology provides possibilities to develop highly-efficient denitrifying strains based on mechanistic understandings. Combined with the applications of automatic simulation to obtain the optimal denitrification conditions, cost-effective and highly-efficient denitrification processed can be envisioned in the foreseeable future.

Key words:biological nitrogen removal, shortcut nitrification-denitrification, anaerobic ammonia oxidation, heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification