秸秆真菌降解转化与可再生化工

Plant biomass degradation by filamentous fungi and production of renewable chemicals: a review

摘要:

秸秆生物质是储量巨大的碳资源，我国每年可用的生物质资源接近10亿t，如果可以转化为燃料乙醇等生物基化学品，有望减少至少2亿t的原油进口量，因此发展秸秆生物转化生产燃料乙醇和大宗化学品是生物制造的核心组成。中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所(以下简称“天津工业生物所”)自建所之初，便提出了“两个替代一个提升”，其中包括以可再生碳资源替代不可再生石化资源生产大宗化学品。发展秸秆生物转化是研究所的长期战略，建所10年来，在这一领域进行了持续系统地研究，取得了显著进展。本文重点综述真菌系统的生物质降解与转化，包括丝状真菌纤维素降解机理，生物质炼制整合路线研发等，实现了生物质一步转化燃料乙醇、苹果酸等多种大宗能源材料化学品。在可再生化工研究方面，重点介绍了丁二酸、乳酸等一批大宗有机酸，以可再生碳资源为原料进行生产的工业化进展，展示了生物制造替代石化路线生产大宗化学品的潜力。天津工业生物所在秸秆生物转化和可再生化工方面的研究，为我国建设发展低碳经济社会提供了有效参考路径，有望为我国实现双碳战略目标作出自己的独特贡献。

Abstract:

Plant biomass represents a vast resource of carbon. In China, it is estimated that 1 billion tons of biomass is available each year. The conversion of these biomass resources into bioethanol or other bio-based chemicals, if fully commercialized, may reduce at least 200 million tons of crude oil import. Therefore, bioethanol and bulk chemicals are the core components of the biomanufacturing using plant biomass as carbon sources. Since the foundation of Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (TIB, CAS), we have proposed a strategy of “two replacements and one upgrade”. Utilizing renewable carbon resources instead of non-renewable petrochemical resources to produce bulk chemicals is included in our strategy. It is a long-term effort for TIB to develop plant biomass biomanufacturing to produce renewable chemicals. Continuous and systematic research was carried out in these two fields, and significant progress has been made in the past 10 years since the foundation of TIB. Here we review the progress of TIB in this field, mainly focusing on fungal system, including the mechanism of cellulose degradation by filamentous fungi and the strategy of consolidated bioprocessing of biomass. Based on this, malic acid, fuel ethanol and other bulk chemicals were produced through one-step conversion of biomass. Besides, the commercial processes for production of bulk chemicals such as succinic and lactic acid from renewable carbon resources, which were developed by TIB, were also be discussed. These examples clearly demonstrated that bulk chemicals can be obtained from biomass instead of from petroleum. Research on plant biomass biotransformation and renewable chemicals production in TIB has provided an alternative route for the development of low-carbon bioeconomy in China, and will contribute to the goal of carbon neutralization of China.