基于CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术在作物中的应用

Application of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology in crop breeding

摘要:

CRISPR-Cas9系统是由成规律的间隔短回文重复序列（clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat，CRISPR）及其相关蛋白构成，广泛存在于细菌和古细菌中，该系统作为一种特异性免疫保护，可抵御病毒、噬菌体的二次侵染。CRISPR-Cas9技术是继锌指核酸酶（zinc finger nucleases，ZFNs）和类转录激活因子效应物核酸酶（transcription activator like effector nucleases，TALENs）技术之后的第三代新型靶向基因组编辑技术。CRISPR-Cas9技术具有灵活、高效、生产成本低且特异性高等优点，极大地促进了基因功能方面的研究。CRISPR-Cas9技术经过不断的完善和发展，目前该技术已广泛应用在各个领域。本文介绍了CRISPR-Cas9技术的产生、工作机制及优势；综述了CRISPR-Cas9技术在基因敲除、基因敲入、基因调控和基因组方面的应用以及在水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆和马铃薯等重要粮食作物以及对作物驯化的应用；分析了CRISPR-Cas9技术目前面临的问题和挑战，并展望了CRISPR-Cas9技术的发展及应用前景。

Abstract:

The CRISPR-Cas9 system is composed of a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and its associated proteins, which are widely present in bacteria and archaea, serving as a specific immune protection against viral and phage secondary infections. CRISPR-Cas9 technology is the third generation of targeted genome editing technologies following zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator like effector nucleases (TALENs). The CRISPR-Cas9 technology is now widely used in various fields. Firstly, this article introduces the generation, working mechanism and advantages of CRISPR-Cas9 technology; secondly, it reviews the applications of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in gene knockout, gene knock-in, gene regulation and genome in breeding and domestication of important food crops such as rice, wheat, maize, soybean and potato. Finally, the article summarizes the current problems and challenges encountered by CRISPR-Cas9 technology and prospects future development and application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology.