医用纳米金属及其氧化物的制备、性能与抗菌应用研究进展

Preparation, properties and antibacterial applications of medical nano-metals and their oxides: a review

摘要:

抗生素在临床抗菌中发挥越来越重要作用，然而，其滥用也带来了毒副反应、出现耐药病原、免疫力降低等问题，临床亟需新的抗菌方案。近年来，纳米金属及其氧化物由于广谱抗菌活性而受到广泛关注，纳米银、纳米铜、纳米锌及其氧化物等逐渐应用于生物医用领域。本文介绍了纳米金属材料分类和导电、超塑延展、催化、抗菌等基本性能；概述了物理法、化学法和生物法等常见制备技术；总结了细胞膜、氧化应激、破坏DNA和降低细胞呼吸等4种主要抗菌机理；并综述了纳米金属及其氧化物的尺寸、形状、浓度和表面化学特性对抗菌有效性的影响以及细胞毒性、遗传毒性、生殖毒性等生物安全性的研究现状。尽管目前纳米金属及其氧化物已在医用抗菌、癌症治疗等临床领域得到应用，但诸如绿色制备工艺开发、抗菌机理完善、生物安全性改进以及应用领域拓展仍有待深入探索。

关键词:纳米金属;金属氧化物;绿色合成;抗菌性能;生物毒性;临床应用

Abstract:

Antibiotics are playing an increasingly important role in clinical antibacterial applications. However, their abuse has also brought toxic and side effects, drug-resistant pathogens, decreased immunity and other problems. New antibacterial schemes in clinic are urgently needed. In recent years, nano-metals and their oxides have attracted wide attention due to their broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Nano-silver, nano-copper, nano-zinc and their oxides are gradually applied in biomedical field. In this study, the classification and basic properties of nano-metallic materials such as conductivity, superplasticity, catalysis, and antibacterial activities were firstly introduced. Secondly, the common preparation techniques, including physical, chemical and biological methods, were summarized. Subsequently, four main antibacterial mechanisms, such as cell membrane, oxidative stress, DNA destruction and cell respiration reduction, were summarized. Finally, the effect of size, shape, concentration and surface chemical characteristics of nano-metals and their oxides on antibacterial effectiveness and the research status of biological safety such as cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity were reviewed. At present, although nano-metals and their oxides have been applied in medical antibacterial, cancer treatment and other clinical fields, some issues such as the development of green preparation technology, the understanding of antibacterial mechanism, the improvement of biosafety, and the expansion of application fields, require further exploration.

Key words:nano metal;metallic oxide;green synthesis;antibacterial properties;biological toxicity;clinical application