单个生物纳米颗粒分析技术与应用

Detection and analysis technologies for single biological nanoparticles

摘要:

纳米检测技术在病毒、外泌体、小细菌和细胞器等生物医学研究中发挥着举足轻重的作用。目前已知最小的病毒颗粒直径仅为17 nm，近20年来研究火热的外泌体的粒径范围在30−150 nm之间。这些生物颗粒尺寸微小、生物性质复杂，因此难以被富集和检测，但却具有重要的研究价值。可以对单个纳米级颗粒检测和分析的技术正在被越来越广泛地应用到这一领域。一方面这些技术使得那些超过了光学检测下限的对象被灵敏、稳定地检测到；另一方面，这些技术也对这些微纳颗粒的各种其他性质提供了巧妙的分析手段。如今，已经有若干基于纳米技术的商品化仪器先后问世，这些系统提供了完整的单颗粒检测方案，并根据各自的技术优势实现了独有的功能。但是这些技术在应用和检测能力上仍存在一定的局限性。本文从几个主流的商品化仪器的技术原理出发，对其在应用中的优势、局限性以及未来的发展趋势进行了综述，为研究人员选择和正确使用纳米检测技术提供了参考。

Abstract:

In recent years, nanoscale detection has played an increasingly important role in the research on viruses, exosomes, small bacteria, and organelles. The small size and complex biological natures of these particles, with the smallest known virus particle measuring only 17 nm in diameter and exosomes ranging from 30 nm to 150 nm in size, pose challenges to the classical large-scale (typically micron-scale) characterization methods, which has become a major obstacle in the research. The emergence of nanoscale detection and analysis technologies has filled the gap of optical microscopy, a conventional technique in this field. These technologies enable the sensitive and robust detection of objects that exceed the lower limit of optical detection, revealing the molecular composition and biological roles simultaneously. Currently, several commercialized instruments based on nanotechnology have emerged, providing complete single-particle detection solutions and achieving unique functionality based on their respective technological advantages. However, it is inevitable that these technologies have limitations in terms of application and detection capabilities, as they continue to evolve. This paper offers a thorough overview of the principles, advantages, limitations, and future development trends of several mainstream commercial instruments, aiming to serve researchers in selecting and utilizing these technologies.