中国地表水中抗生素的分布特征与生态风险

Occurrence and environmental risks of antibiotics in surface water of China

摘要:

抗生素作为一类新污染物，在地表水中频繁检出，其引发的抗性基因风险已引起人们的广泛关注。然而，关于我国地表水中抗生素的污染现状及其对水生生物的生态风险尚未见详细论述。本研究建立了2018–2022年间我国地表水抗生素污染的数据集，包括124份文献报道的128种抗生素的3 368个浓度数据。分析结果表明，抗生素的检出浓度主要在ng/L–μg/L级别，最高可达26 μg/L。其中磺胺甲噁唑等磺胺类抗生素、环丙沙星等喹诺酮类抗生素报道次数多且检出浓度高。以磺胺甲噁唑、环丙沙星、罗红霉素和四环素为例，不同年份的抗生素污染程度并无显著区别，但夏季的污染程度相比春、秋季更低，且呈现明显不同的空间分布特征。基于水生生物生态风险评估模型和风险加权频率计算，我们提出了包括克拉霉素、红霉素、磺胺甲噁唑、氧氟沙星和氧四环素等地表水中优先管控抗生素的名单。最后，本文指出了我国地表水中抗生素的环境分布及生态风险的研究中的不足，并提出了建议和展望。

关键词:抗生素类新污染物;水生生态系统;污染现状;风险评估;优先管控

Abstract:

Antibiotics as emerging pollutants are frequently detected in surface water, raising concerns about the associated risk of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Despite the widespread apprehension, there are still research gaps in the occurrence of antibiotic pollution in surface water and the associated ecological risks to aquatic organisms in China. Here, we established a dataset of antibiotic pollution in surface water in China during 2018–2022, which encompassed 3 368 concentration values of 128 antibiotics reported in 124 articles. Our analysis showed that antibiotic concentrations were predominantly in the ng/L–μg/L range, reaching up to 26 μg/L. Notably, sulfonamides (e.g., sulfamethoxazole) and quinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) were frequently reported at high concentrations. The pollution degree of antibiotics represented by sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, roxithromycin, and tetracycline exhibited no significant variation across different years but was lower in summer than that in spring and autumn. Additionally, distinct spatial distribution characteristics of the pollution were observed. According to calculation results of the aquatic ecological risk assessment model and the weighted frequency, we proposed a list of priority antibiotics including clarithromycin, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, ofloxacin, and oxytetracycline in surface water. Last but not least, this study points out the deficiencies in current research on the occurrence and ecological risks of antibiotics in surface water of China and provides viable screening strategies and monitoring recommendations in this context.

Key words:antibiotic pollutants;aquatic ecosystems;pollution status;risk assessment;priority management