肠道菌群与神经系统疾病

Intestinal flora and neurological disorders

摘要:

人类肠道菌群是数以万亿的细菌组成的高度多样化的生态系统，菌群失调与多个系统疾病有关联。肠道菌群通过菌群-肠-脑轴与神经系统多途径双向互作，能引起神经免疫炎症反应、肠黏膜和血脑屏障功能改变、直接刺激迷走神经和肠道神经系统脊神经、神经内分泌-下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴，造成神经系统疾病。肠道菌群的代谢产物也有一定的作用。文中综述自闭症谱系障碍、多发性硬化、帕金森病、癫痫、吉兰巴雷综合征、阿尔茨海默病、视神经脊髓炎、肝性脑病、肌萎缩侧索硬化、精神分裂症、抑郁症、慢性疲劳综合征、亨廷顿病、脑卒中等肠道菌群改变特征及其干预措施的研究进展。目前肠道菌群的研究还处在初级阶段，因果关系和机制方面的研究比较少，这对精准实施菌群临床干预措施具有重要意义，期待将来有所突破成为一些神经系统疾病治疗的新路径。

Abstract:

The human intestinal flora is a highly diverse ecosystem composed of trillions of bacteria. The imbalance of the flora is related to a variety of diseases. The intestinal flora interacts with the nervous system bidirectionally in many ways through the gut-brain axis. It causes neuroimmune inflammatory response, dysfunction of gut mucosa and blood-brain barrier, direct stimulation of the vagus nerve, spinal nerve of the enteric nervous system, and the neuroendocrine hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, causing neurological disorders. The metabolites of the intestinal microbial community also play a role. This article summarizes the characteristics of the altered intestinal flora and intervention measures in autism spectrum disorder, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, neuromyelitis optica, hepatic encephalopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, schizophrenia, depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, Huntington’s disease and stroke. The current research on intestinal flora is still in its infancy, and very few studies were carried out on causality and the underlying mechanisms, which prevents the development of precise flora-based clinical intervention measures. It is expected the research on intestinal flora would lead to novel approaches for treatment of some neurological disorders.