基因组编辑技术在工业生物领域中的应用现状及展望

Application of genome editing technology in industrial microorganisms: current status and perspectives

摘要:

精准且高效的操纵基因表达或改写基因组序列是基因组编辑领域的研究热点，也是助力工业生物技术快速发展的核心使能技术。基因组编辑技术经历了从锌指核酸酶(zinc finger nucleases, ZFNs)、转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶(transcription activator-like effector nucleases, TALEN)和Cas核酸酶3个发展阶段，目前随着CRISPR/Cas这一基因组编辑工具的蓬勃发展，研究人员在工业生物中建立了一系列基于该技术的一代及二代Cas基因组编辑技术，助力大肠杆菌等原核及酿酒酵母等真核工业生物底盘细胞的建立及优化。本文对目前基于常用底盘细胞的工业生物技术进行介绍，并对技术的发展历程、应用效果等特点进行总结，最后展望工业生物技术的未来发展前景，以期为科研人员提供参考。

Abstract:

Precise and efficient manipulation of gene expression or rewriting genome sequence is the research hotspots of genome editing, and it is also the core enabling technology contributing to the rapid development of industrial biotechnology. Genome editing technology has experienced three stages of development, from zinc finger nuclease (ZFNs), to transcription activator like effector nuclease (TALEN) and Cas nuclease. Currently, vigorous development of CRISPR/Cas has enabled researchers establish a series of first-generation and second-generation Cas-based genome editing technologies. This contributed to the establishment and optimization for prokaryotic chassis such as Escherichia coli or eukaryotic chassis such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This paper summarizes the current development and application of industrial biotechnology using conventional chassis cells, and prospects future development trend with the aim to facilitate researchers to optimize industrial biotechnology and its potential applications.