水稻耐盐碱的分子机制和遗传改良研究进展

Advances in molecular mechanisms and genetic improvement of saline-alkali tolerance in rice

摘要:

水稻(Oryza sativa L.)是我国最重要的粮食作物之一，水稻的产量关系到国家粮食安全。盐碱复合胁迫对水稻生长发育具有显著负面影响，导致水稻有效穗粒数、千粒重、精米率等产量指标下降。伴随盐碱地比例的上升以及可用耕地的持续减少，水稻种植与生产正面临严峻挑战。我国是全球第3大盐碱土分布国，提升水稻耐盐碱性并改良盐碱地，对于保障国家粮食安全具有重大意义。近年来，水稻耐盐碱性的研究取得了显著进展，本文从渗透调节、激素调节、活性氧清除以及光合作用和气孔调节等方面综述了水稻耐盐碱相关的分子机制，同时论述了耐盐碱水稻的遗传改良方法及其未来面临的问题和发展方向，为耐盐碱水稻的研究和应用提供了理论支持。

Abstract:

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is among the most vital cereal crops in China, and its yield has a direct bearing on national food security. Saline-alkali combined stress significantly negatively impacts the growth and development of rice, leading to reductions in key yield components such as the number of effective panicles, 1 000-grain weight, and milled rice rate. With the increasing proportion of saline-alkaline land and continual reduction of arable land, rice cultivation and production face severe challenges. As China ranks third globally in saline-alkali soil distribution, enhancing the saline-alkali tolerance of rice and ameliorating saline-alkaline land hold significant importance for ensuring national food security. Significant advances have been achieved in the research on saline-alkali tolerance of rice in recent years, this review synthesizes molecular mechanisms underlying the saline-alkali tolerance of rice, encompassing osmoregulation, plant hormonal regulation, reactive oxygen species scavenging, photosynthesis, and stomatal regulation. Concurrently, we examine genetic enhancement approaches for saline-alkali tolerance in rice and discuss persistent challenges and future research trajectories. This work aims to advance both fundamental research and practical applications of saline-alkali tolerant rice.