细菌鞭毛蛋白免疫识别机制与应用的研究进展

Research progress in immune recognition mechanisms and applications of bacterial flagellin

摘要:

鞭毛蛋白是细菌鞭毛的核心结构蛋白，可作为病原体相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMP)激活宿主先天免疫和适应性免疫反应。其主要通过特异性作用于Toll样受体5 (Toll-like receptors 5, TLR5)及NLRC4 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family caspase activation and recruitment domain-containing protein 4)炎症小体等信号通路，有效启动并调控宿主的免疫应答。本文系统阐述了鞭毛蛋白的双重免疫激活机制，重点探讨了其在疫苗佐剂开发、肿瘤免疫治疗及过敏性疾病治疗领域中的应用前景。此外，结合蛋白工程改造和靶向递送技术的最新进展，展望了鞭毛蛋白在精准免疫治疗中的转化潜力，为开发新型生物制剂提供了理论依据与应用方向。

Abstract:

Flagellin, the core structural protein of bacterial flagella, functions as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that activates both innate and adaptive immune responses. It specifically targets signaling pathways mediated by Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family caspase activation and recruitment domain-containing protein 4 (NLRC4) inflammasome, thereby effectively initiating and modulating the host's immune response. This review systematically outlines the dual mechanisms of immune activation by flagellin, and discusses its applications in vaccine adjuvant design, tumor immunotherapy, and allergic disease treatment. Moreover, we prospectively discuss the transformative potential of flagellin in precision immunotherapy through advanced protein engineering and targeted delivery technologies, providing a theoretical framework and practical guidance for developing novel biologic agents.